虽然没有专业课的考试，不过一门接着一门的大作业绝对够受的.....SIGGRAPH项目也进入1个月的冲刺期，根本是忙的一塌糊涂。
按部就班，一点一点的慢慢搞定吧，恩 加油。
Timon的Paper中了SIG CHI 恭喜一下恭喜一下 很牛啊 景仰~~
顺便推荐个Blog
http://shuangz.spaces.live.com/
就是坐在我旁边帅哥的Blog
恩 本来一直想做牛人的Link的 那就从这位大牛开始吧
这人日语很牛，可以查字典玩日文Galgame的 景仰
这人编程很牛，ACM/ICPC年度总冠军
这人 将来一定特别牛 一年之后就到全美Top 10读计算机了吧 赫赫 加油 加油
Bless 我们一起做的SIGGRAPH Project顺利 ....en
Project..endless project en
Homework
CAD B-Surface差值(dead line 12.15)
计算机图形学 开题报告(dead line 12.13)
自然辩证法
小组讨论
课程论文 (dead line 12.18)
计算几何 大作业
Report for harry ...
前一段贴一些牛人的网站算混了一些时日，恩，估计以后还会贴一些。这些人写的一些东西还是真的很值得学习很有价值的呢。推荐，推荐。
当然，引用Harry的一句话“不过，没有一定的经历还是不一定真能体会这些文字中的经要阿”不过，看看，知道一些至少比没有好。
最近才算体会了SIGGRAPH Project的工作量，虽然只是很少的一部分，但还是很耗费精力的，加油，加油，我太弱了 啊啊啊 呵呵 发泄一下。（完了，一下整个Blog的气氛变味了似乎...）
CHI那个咚咚至今也没有什么新想法....还要努力想...
恩 一切都加油吧，紧张忙碌......不要睡懒觉 555
http://www.rr.cs.cmu.edu/rrlong.html
Google has vowed to take a tough line on copyright when it completes its $1.65bn (£875m) takeover of YouTube.
The video-sharing website's rapid growth has been partly down to the thousands of clips from old TV shows uploaded illegally by its users. But Google Europe vice-president Nikesh Arora told MPs his company would not tolerate copyright violations.
YouTube is thought to have escaped prosecution so far because it is a new business with little cash, MPs heard. Its policy is to take down copyrighted material when it is alerted by the owners, but it has been criticised for not being vigilant enough. It has also developed technology that will allow it to block copyrighted videos.
'Pot of money'
Nevertheless, some pundits are predicting Google, which is one of the world's richest companies, will be hit by a string of legal challenges as soon as YouTube the takeover goes through. Andrew Mclaughlin, Google's head of global public policy, told the Commons culture committee that if material infringed copyright on Google Video service, "we take it down". But he added: "I just can't say anything about YouTube since it's not our company."
The committee chairman John Whittingdale asked Mr Arora if Google had "put aside a very large pot of money to settle copyright infringement" when it took over YouTube. Mr Arora replied: "There is not a lot we can say about what we will do with YouTube because it is still in the process of due diligence and we haven't closed the acquisition." But he added: "We intend to uphold copyright. We believe it is very important as part the creative process.
"It's evident from our policy as part of Google Video, Google News or Google Books, and any acquisition in the future is not going to change Google's view on copyright."
Content deals
YouTube has signed content deals with entertainment giants CBS, Universal Music Group, Sony BMG, NBC and Warner Music Group.
The companies will allow YouTube to distribute approved copyrighted material in exchange for a share of advertising revenue. Copyright owners can then judge whether to allow the video to remain on the site, and take a share of the advertising or block it.
YouTube already limits clips to 10 minutes to keep users from uploading whole television episodes and films - but some users get round this by uploading them in instalments, the committee heard.
http://www.msfirefox.com/
特别声明，这绝对不是广告........
本人也对该站点不发表任何评论.....
这世道.....
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By
Harry SHUM
Managing Director, Microsoft Research Asia
Distinguished Engineer, Microsoft Corporation
http://research.microsoft.com/users/hshum/
Audio Record
http://www.box.net/public/n6hcec7d2u#main
Rick RASHID
Eric GRIMSON 
http://research.microsoft.com/asia/21stcomputing/2006/index.htm
第八届“二十一世纪的计算”大型学术研讨会将于10月24日（星期二）在北京举行。今年的会议由国家自然科学基金委员会、微软亚洲研究院（Microsoft Research Asia）、清华大学联合举办，主题为“‘质’取计算未来”。目前在全球，计算已经由人类活动的一个重要因素转化为核心要素，可靠的、可预计的以及可以安全运行的计算机系统和服务受到广泛欢迎，而日益增强的功能性和复杂性也使保证安全运行成为一种挑战。
同往年一样，本次大会的演讲人由世界知名学者、计算方面专家等大师组成，包括了图灵奖得主、美国国家科学院、美国国家工程院院士等。这些学术专家和业内领袖将在他们的主题演讲中同大家分享他们在软件核心运算方面的想法和愿景。
微软亚洲研究院成立之初就在1999年举办了第一届“二十一世纪的计算”学术研讨会。该会议实现了微软亚洲研究院为中国计算机科研学者同国际同仁之间建立学术交流与合作平台的期望。通过举办“二十一世纪的计算”，我们为大中华区科研人才在计算机科学方面与国际最新技术和潮流的接轨创造了独一无二的机会。
这个是个旧闻了 很早就听过
后来Harry大人貌似提起 备忘一下
http://www.ergoweb.com/news/detail.cfm?id=1101
Hedonomics – a Branch of Ergonomics Enshrined in the USA Constitution
Happiness. The Founding Fathers advocated it. Most people pursue it. Ergonomists have embraced it and given their research a name – hedonomics.
Studying human motor control, perception and perceptual-motor relationships, as well as the cognitive capabilities and limitations of human beings, they discovered a vital role for happiness.
Barry H. Beith, founder and president of HumanCentric Technologies and of author of "Hedonomics: The Human Factors of Pleasure Gains Attention as World Grows More Complex," explained that finding a name for the specialty presented one of the first challenges. "Hedonomics" triumphed over "The Human Factors of Pleasure" and "Affective Human Factors" for its simplicity.
His paper, published in LocalTechWire.com, explains that hedonomics represents something of a departure for ergonomists, whose work generally focuses on factors associated with technology and work. The new specialty grew from research that shows modern life is growing ever more complex, and technology is increasing the stresses of our "on-demand" culture. Dr. Beith cites cellphones and computers as particular culprits. Add the stress associated with work, child-rearing, education, and financial security, he said, and it is clear to see that having fun and relaxing are vital.
Play and fun, two ingredients of happiness, have long been associated with stress relief – critical to health – so they have assumed new importance as a focus for research. Hedonomics emerges as a means of allowing ergonomists to design activities that optimize, maybe even maximize, our enjoyment of life.
"When we look at the things we do to "enjoy" life, whether it is skiing, hang-gliding, racing cars, bikes, planes, parachuting, playing video games, watching movies, playing sports, it is clear that technology is pervasive and growing more sophisticated all the time," Dr. Beith explained in his article. " ... we have throughout history put great energy, time, and attention into our toys, games, and pasttimes and must recognize that the human side of technology is just as pervasive and important in these things as in our work activities."
Hedonomics dovetails with traditional ergonomics in several areas. Fun can kill, according to Dr. Beith, and designs and solutions that lessen risk will always be important work for ergonomists. Another tie-in is the current effort to translate and adapt video-gaming controls and displays to the military need for unmanned vehicular technology for the military. He said adaptations of video-gaming skills are also being studied and transferred to medical application in which robotics and remote control are being used for telesurgical work.
The human factors associated with the pursuit of happiness are serious business for our health, effectiveness and safety, and are now enshrined in mainstream research as hedonomics.
Source: LocalTechWire.com
-- Jennifer Anderson
到IG开始工作了。旁边还有一个动漫fans 呵呵不错
马上就可以拿到free的20D咯 哈哈 据说还有支微距镜头
到Canon 申请了一个SDK 不知道能不能拿到....blessssss
好久没有拍照了，相册都是一些陈年旧照了........恩 周末去照像！！
恩
Rem Koolhaas and CCTV New Headquarter
王寅 Wang Yin
摘要 记录了著名建筑师雷姆•库哈斯参与CCTV新总部大楼竞标并最终胜出的过程，试图解开库哈斯其人充满争议的谜团。
ABSTRACT Reviewing the whole process how Rem Koolhaas participated and won the design competition of CCTV New Headquarter, this paper tries to decode the controversial character of Koolhaas himself.
“雷姆•库哈斯是一个将作为社会现象的建筑转变成令人反感的事件的记者。雷姆是世界上唯一的这种类型的建筑师。”——伊东丰雄
在农历春节前夕，一个瘦高的身影徘徊在从纽约飞往北京的中国民航班机上。在归家的中国留学生和商人中间，雷姆•库哈斯只身一人，飞越北极寒冷的上空，前往遥远的东方古国。
2002年12月20曰，库哈斯领衔的荷兰大都会建筑事务所(OMA)在有KPF、SOM、伊东丰雄、多米尼克•佩罗等世界顶级建筑师和建筑事务所同场竞技的CCTV新总部大楼设计竞标中，成为最大的赢家。
更为出人意料的是，库哈斯的8号竞标方案是被专家评委会全票通过，一举胜出的。
专家评委的意见是：这是一个不卑不亢的方案，既有鲜明的个性，又无排他性。作为一个优美、有力的雕塑形象，它既能代表新北京的形象，又可以用建筑的语言表 达电视媒体的重要性和文化性，其结构方案新颖、可实施，会推动中国高层建筑的结构体系、结构思想的创新。专家评委认为能实施这一方案，不仅能树立CCTV 的标志性形象，也将翻开中国建筑新的一页。
但是，早在CCTV新大楼开始竞标之初，关于这个项目的争论就在网上开始了①。随着竞标的进行，网上来自建筑界的批判和争论愈演愈烈，不亚于对国家大剧院 的争议。争论的焦点集中在央视建造这一大楼的价值所在、库哈斯的经历、方案本身的评判：争论的范围已经超出了建筑学的范畴，扩展到文化、社会、经济各个领 域。CCTV新大楼和库哈斯迅速成为2002年建筑界最火爆的关键词。
在网络上，库哈斯和他的CCTV方案成为中国建筑师操练批评利器再好不过的靶子： “不好看。俺就觉得像一大裤衩!!!” “为什么要选这个样子，像一个人折断了腿跪在地上，这样真不好……” “库的方案安全系数不高，建造能耗和运行能耗却很高。”
“库哈斯，这是个以制造建筑丑闻闻名于世的人。任何一个稍微具有美感的人都不难看清这个人的本质。”……
充满了谜团的库哈斯是怎样的一个人?
在西方建筑界，库哈斯是公认的有思想、有批判性的建筑师，是颠覆欧洲建筑传统的大师，是生活在名誉顶峰的明星。一位年轻的荷兰建筑师这样表示：库哈斯进入中国，对很多人来说，起到了旗舰的作用。能够参与一个项目，对他们来说，就是一种信心。
库哈斯又是一个充满了争议的人物，天生注定了要处于风暴中心。库哈斯的朋友说，库哈斯在大多数情况下处于被曲解、误读的状态。
下面的一个例子，可以说明库哈斯的方案被穿凿附会到了何种程度。网上披露库哈斯的创意采用了中国的“阴”和“阳”的寓意，建筑主体的空洞是“阴”、旁边直 立的大楼是“阳”。当记者就此向CCTV新大楼设计方案的中国顾问吴朝晖求证时，他不禁哑然失笑。吴朝晖说：从来没有听说过库哈斯有这样的创意，这就是很 简单的一件事情，怎么可能会有此联想?任何建筑都有虚和实，照此说来，都可以用阴阳来表示。
这个高过普通人一头的疯狂的荷兰人，有着超越常人的精力。《小、中、大、特大》的合作者、平面设计师毛说，以前做书的时候，和库哈斯天天泡在一起，但是现在见他一面都很困难，库哈斯的时间已经是以15min为一个单位来计算的。
库哈斯更有高过别人的智慧和思维。他喜欢以记者的眼光去观察事物，把好坏放在一边。他对都市现象研究有着强烈的爱好，对其中不定性的东西特别感兴趣。他的建筑论文，与其说是严格意义上的学术专著，不如说是激情洋溢、充满幻想的散文。
CCTV新大楼设计方案的另一位中国顾问朱亦民说：“库哈斯对建筑学最大的推动，是从纯形式的东西里拔出来，更接近于社会现实。”
与参加CCTV竞标的其他建筑师相比，库哈斯对中国的了解无疑是最多的，也是最像中国人的。库哈斯曾经在珠江三角洲的各个城市深入了解中国建筑的基本状 况。库哈斯具有惊人的洞察力和出色的公关能力，能够读懂业主的诉求。库哈斯对中国的认识非常清楚，他对亚洲、对中国不抱有太多的幻想。库哈斯曾经说过，以 中国现在的建设模式走下去，总有一天要后悔的。他知道在中国的项目做到最后是什么结果，因为泡沫太多了。
与此同时，库哈斯以极其认真的态度对任务书加以研究，他的阅读特别仔细。任务书上规定要有一个公园，要有绿化带。库哈斯就会反复问：为什么需要公园，为什么需要绿化带?即使是常识性的东西，他也会问得非常仔细。对于库哈斯来说，任何一个简单的事情，都不是简单的存在。
CCTV新大楼的造型，作为实施方案在最初就被确定下来了。CCTV的任务书上有四大块功能。库哈斯和他的同事的讨论一开始就集中在功能研究上。他们采用 制表的方法将之直接具体化和视觉化，发现四个功能联在一起可形成一个环，成为一个整体，就像一个莫比乌斯圈，从而确立了CCTV新大楼的基本造型。此时是 2002年5月。
当水晶石公司将按照库哈斯的要求制作完成的效果图传送到荷兰OMA总部的时候，库哈斯按捺不住心中的兴奋和喜悦之情，将其中的一幅钉在墙上，反复欣赏了很久，嘴里念叨着：这就是中国制作的效果图。
2002年7月18日～21日，对于库哈斯来说，是决定性的几天。库哈斯在评审现场以三维动画进行演示，画面上CCTV新总部大楼气势非凡、极具张力的造型，给评委和业主留下了极其深刻的印象。
12月20日中标之后，踌躇满志的库哈斯和他的同事们一起开了香槟庆祝。在痛饮的同时，也对公司未来几年业务作了调整。
初春的东三环中路32号还是一片寂静，已经动迁一空的厂房即将被拆除。备受关注和争议的CCTV新总部大楼从2003年10月动工之后，将逐渐化为现实。
CCTV需要在2008年有一个具有足够吸引力的形象。强调密度、着眼于对城市密度关注的库哈斯需要一个具有真正挑战意义的项目。
于是，CCTV新大楼成为库哈斯最新的诠释和解答。口
本文曾部分刊登在《南方周末》2003年4月3日“城市专题”中。
Someone rarely update his blog, but once he updated it, that may attract me and somehow made me annoy for some of his words...So I decided to delete his account from my MSN Messager and never browse his pages.
Maybe I should delete his data in my computer.... if my harddisk run out of space. haha
Talk notes
Li Gong : Internet Past and Future
宫力博士
微软公司MSN互联网技术部中国区总经理兼微软中国研发集团副总裁, 清华大学信息研究院顾问委员会委员，客座教授
Internet is still in revolutionary
Internet并非一直如此，在不断发展，而且还在发展
研究一门学科 也要研究他的历史
研究Context的渊源
Classical Paper Ref
Notiable Computer Network / Communication of ACM
Survey on Computer Network when Internet is just forming
End-to-End Arguments in System Design / ACM Transaction on Computer System 1984
解偶，独立性（思考IBR的解偶）
Example
火车机车/火车铁轨 分别运营 相互独立
Rethinking the Design of the Internet End-to-End Argument vs. Brave New World
ACM Transaction on Internet Technology 2001
现有Internet面临的问题
DNS Problem: Security
Routing Problem
IP address shortage
IPv6 hard to combine
End-to-End Broken
Untruth worthy end points
Third party involvement: esp. Government, ISP
Result, Unfaithful connection and delivery
The IP QoS Breakthrough
Everything is connected
Things That Think in MIT
Name card phenomenal / Think about Phone Network or Social Network
JXTA by Gong
In time, some new network may appear. Perhaps as an overlay on the Internet, which attempt to reintroduce a context for unfettered innovation, The Internet will like the telephone network system before to become a infrastructure of this new kind of network.
In Addition
2001
Economics and The Design of Open System
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/5348424.stm
For the mobile industry, waiting for people to use the net via their phone has been like waiting for a bus that never comes.
Even though a huge number of mobile phones in use can access the internet, and after the launch of faster third-generation (3G) data services, only 10% of Europeans actually use their handsets to go online.
The situation is the same in almost every other nation apart from Japan and Korea where faster mobile networks are much more common.
The slow take up has been blamed on the restrictions phone firms place on net access, confusion over cost, awkward page layouts and slow browsing speeds.
To make matters worse, 3G handsets have been clunky rather than funky.
"It's like picking a girlfriend or boyfriend. The first and most important decision for people is 'what does it look like?'" said Robert Rawlinson of Mobileshop.com.
He added that phones were now "fashion items" and 3G handsets were lacking the features, such as snap-on cases, common in many 2.5G mobiles.
Custom content
The networks are starting to tackle these problems and smaller handsets are starting to crop up. They are also starting to tailor content more specifically for mobile phones and get familiar web-names onto handsets.
Operators are also starting to dismantle their walled gardens and are giving customers greater freedom to roam the net via their handset. Before now many have limited customers to a few select sites.
"Operators who adopt a walled-garden approach are actually missing the point," said Stuart Jackson of Orange World. "It's not about the content that you can give to the customer, it's about the content the customer wants to access,"
"There's a myriad of content out there and we should be encouraging people to go onto the mobile web, explore it, and find that content that they want to see."
Mobile viewing
A broader industry initiative should make the whole process of going online a far more pleasant experience. From next month anyone will be able to register a .mobi net address. This domain is meant solely for sites that will be navigable by phones and anyone signing up must ensure their site meets a strict set of accessibility standards
MTLD, the organisation behind .mobi, expects 200,000 mobile sites to be registered in the next year.
MOBI BACKERS Ericsson GSM Association Microsoft Nokia Samsung Syniverse T-Mobile Telefonica Three TIM Vodafone
More subtle trends in the way that people use technology may also boost the use of the net on phones. For instance, it is now possible to buy a phone that automatically sets up and sends pictures to a photo blog.
Hit video-sharing site YouTube has a dedicated mobile phone portal that allows users in the US to upload clips while they are on the move.
Speed demons
Operators are also tackling the biggest bar to greater net use - connection speed. In the home many net users enjoy speeds in excess of 1mbps. By comparison the 300kbps speed of 3G is glacially slow.
One technology that could boost mobile surfing speeds is the formidably named High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Operators across the world are adopting the technology quickly.
In the UK T-Mobile was the first to launch a HSDPA service.
HSDPA uses a technology called extended codes, and the point of that is that it gives you a lot more data, but it also means it's very vulnerable to interference 
Technology journalist Guy Kewney
Paul Sludden from T-Mobile said: "With HSDPA the testing that we've undertaken on the live network we've found we can achieve up to four times the speed of 3G. That's quite a significant improvement, and an enhancement for the customer."
During a test conducted by Click it took 30 minutes to find a stable signal. Once this hurdle was overcome the test showed that the BBC homepage loaded about four times faster than on a standard 3G phone.
Unfortunately phones do not, yet, show when they are locked on to a strong HSDPA signal which could prove frustrating for mobile users.
"HSDPA uses a technology called extended codes, and the point of that is that it gives you a lot more data, but it also means it's very vulnerable to interference," said technology journalist Guy Kewney.
"There we were, with all the interference that London provides, and we simply couldn't get an HSDPA signal.
"It's not a problem with HSDPA providers, it's the technology, which is vulnerable to interference."
The Click test was not strictly scientific but T-Mobile admit did there were problems in getting a clear HSDPA signal. This can be acute when the phone is equidistant from several masts, as it was during the Click test, or on the edge of a cell.
Cost confusion
How users pay for their net access is also starting to get some long overdue attention
Accessing the internet is such a fundamental part of peoples' day, and is increasingly so.
Robert Rawlinson, Mobileshop.com
"Most customers still have the feeling that they don't know how much it's going to cost them," said Thomas Hussan of Jupiter Research.
"They fear the bill at the end of the month because they don't know how it's priced and how much they will pay for it," he said.
Stuart Jackson from Orange acknowledged that there was fear among customers. "We need to get better at approaching payment for internet services on the mobile in a better way," he said.
Many operators are starting to levy single monthly fees for unlimited web access - like many people do at home via their PC.
"Accessing the internet is such a fundamental part of peoples' day, and is increasingly so, that I think there's going to be more consumer awareness of 'hang on, I don't want to access the internet and look for the restaurant/nightclub/bar in my office or at home, I actually want to do it on the bus going home'," said Robert Rawlinson.
"And I think that whole behaviour with consumers, which is becoming ever more internet-centric, is going to make people realise that it's a bit of a pain not being able to access the internet while I'm moving around."
It is always a good idea to try to write down your idea. Writing helps you to formulate your thoughts clearly.
From Time Magazine Aisa Ed 20060911
Aisa's rich are more generous than ever before.
A list of recent gifts or pledges:
Donor Country Amount Favorite Causes
Li Ka-shing Hong Kong $6 billion Education, health
Jackie Chan Hong Kong $65 million Performing arts
John Gokong wei Philippines $200 million Education
Huang Rulun China $56 million Poverty relief
Yu Panglin China $250 million Eye operations
Anil Agarwal India $1 billion Education
Rohini Nilekani India $37 million Schools, clean water
I have visited a lot of sites like CSS Zen Garden and others, I keep exploring the web on daily basis, so this article covers most of the current design trends which I recognize as high-quality ones.
Anyway, I’ll be brief and will try to get right to the point.
This is the most refined style with attempt to get close to graphics rich desktop look-and-feel as close as possible. As a result, that kind of style looks nice, but requires a lot of work and, usually, consumes lots of traffic.
In brief, Desktop Style can be distinguished by gradients all around, rich graphics, shadows and other imitation of desktop applications.
Examples of distinctive Web Desktop elements:
Blocks. Usually, it is an area of screen with a border, a header and a footer, to aggregate logically connected elements: links, text, a score card, an article preview. Blocks may come with optional shadow.
Miniblocks are blocks in blocks: usually they have mini-picture with tiny text.
Buttons. These web design elements come with gradient, contrast borders, optional shadow. Buttons may have “glass” effect, having reflections from underneath light. Usually buttons react on “mouseover” events (do some visual effect, when user moves mouse over the button).
Tabs. They also use gradient, contrast borders, optional shadow. They react to “mouseover” event.
A little bit simpler look-and-feel, with a good balance between style and a light-weight composition. Silver Orange style of web design is more concentrated on usability, than on a rich looking interface.
It does not try to impress a user (unlike Desktop Style), but rather provide him with a good usability experience.
As expected, silverorange.com are creators of Silver Orange design style.
Examples of distinctive Silver Orange style elements:
Top Menu. Usually it is dark with a light font color; background comes with a rich-colored gradient and contrast dividers:
Logo and guide line More gradients, guideline is in contrast with top menu background, font color is gray.
Gradient and text divider. More gradients, mild divider
The style with glass tabs and buttons as a central figures of the design. Not very usable due to massive use of small or tiny fonts, but still pleasant, if you don’t have to deal with a small text quite often.
Expensive, requires a lot of work. Distinctive, so it’s extremely hard to seem original, doing web design in Apple Style, almost impossible.
Example of distinctive Apple style:
Apple Menu. Apple menu is a central point of Apple web design style. Everything else has pretty much the same style: glass buttons, gradients, rounded blocks…
The main thing, which makes a site being in Microsoft Style is a gray, plain navigation panel on the left column with floating menus. Simple, clean and way too generic.
Created by engineers for engineers.
Example of distinctive Microsoft style:
Microsoft Menu. The main menu of Microsoft web design style is gray, functional and simple. Borders, “mouseover” events processing, floating sub-menus… Usually it occupies left column.
One more distinctive thing of Microsoft web design style is gradient in header condensing from left to right with search form on the top-right corner.
All blocks are divided by clean gray lines. I think, it a plus from usability point of view. People may have wide range of opinions on Microsoft way of doing business, but one thing is for sure: Microsoft design style is simple, functional and it has good usability.
Comparing to Apple style, it’s not so rich or luxury. But it works.
Magazine web design style is… well, for magazines. It tries to bring high quality visual composition onto your screen, so you can appreciate all work that magazine designers completed for this issue.
You can recognize it by high quality photos and images, mixed up with lots of links to articles.
Examples of distinctive Magazine style:
Target audience for Magazine Style is magazines reading people. Not engineers, not web designers, not even experienced web users.
This is really high-end stuff, created by professional designers, who can really enjoy what they are doing. In order to do something similar, you better have a pro working for you for a pretty good compensation…
Design like this is not bad at all. Its purpose – to draw attention to content. It also is minimal in terms of traffic.
Typical site (www.youtube.com) has top navigation menu with rounded corners and intentionally simple elements.
Example of distinctive Rounded Plain style:
This style is like Apple’s: once you’ve seen it, you can recognize any attempt to follow it. Very expensive design, very loaded in terms of graphical effects, very balanced overall. Originally created by Macromedia a few years back, this web design style remains one of the best.
Distinctive elements of Macromedia web design style.
Complex gradient menu with shadow, rounded blocks with shadows, rounded banner under menu, fixed width, centered.
This article is not…
This is not even an attempt to come up with a complete description of current web design styles; I’ve just put things (which I personally like) together and explained distinctive features of them.
Many other web design styles (especially from so called “Art Design” category) are left unexplained. Not because of I find them useless or not pretty, but mostly for usability reasons. You cannot use piece of art in everyday life. You are not suppose to.
I also haven’t highlighted styles, which I didn’t find attractive for lots of reasons: from their usability to aesthetics.
| ICD-10 | H53.5 |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 368.5 |
Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals. The English chemist John Dalton in 1794 published the first scientific paper on the subject, "Extraordinary facts relating to the vision of colours", [1] after the realization of his own color blindness; because of Dalton's work, the condition is sometimes called Daltonism, although this term is now used for a type of color blindness called deuteranopia.
Color blindness is usually classed as a disability; however, in select situations color blind people may have advantages over people with normal color vision. There is anecdotal evidence that color blind individuals are better at penetrating color camouflage and at least one scientific study (Morgan, Adams and Mollon, 1992) confirms this under controlled conditions. Monochromats may have a minor advantage in dark vision, but only in the first five minutes of dark adaptation.
 This is a sample image. The pictures below should look similar to people with normal vision (containing numbers, in this case 83), but some of them will not be visible to people with a color vision deficiency. The contrast in these tests is much subtler than commonly seen in other similar tests. |
 This image contains a different two-digit number than the picture above. Someone who is protanopic might not see this number. |
 Someone who is tritanopic might not see this number. |
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Color blindness affects a significant number of people, although exact proportions vary among groups. In Australia, for example, it occurs in about 8 percent of males and only about 0.4 percent of females[1]. Isolated communities with a restricted gene pool sometimes produce high proportions of color blindness, including the less usual types. Examples include rural Finland, Hungary, and some of the Scottish islands. In the United States, about 10 million men, which is about 7 percent of the male population and about 0.4 percent of the female population either cannot distinguish red from green, or see red and green differently (2006, Howard Hughes Medical Institute). It has been found that more than 95 percent of all variations in human color vision involve the red and green receptors in male eyes. It is very rare for males or females to be "blind" to the blue end of the spectrum.
There are many types of color blindness. The most common variety are hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders, but it is also possible to acquire color blindness through damage to the retina, optic nerve, or higher brain areas. Higher brain areas implicated in color processing include the parvocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and visual area V4 of the visual cortex. Acquired color blindness is generally unlike the more typical genetic disorders. For example, it is possible to acquire color blindness only in a portion of the visual field but maintain normal color vision elsewhere. Some forms of acquired color blindness are reversible. Transient color blindness also occurs (very rarely) in the aura of some migraine sufferers.
The normal human retina contains two kinds of light sensitive cells: the rod cells (active in low light) and the cone cells (active in normal daylight). Normally, there are three kinds of cones, each containing a different pigment. The cones are activated when the pigments absorb light. The absorption spectra of the pigments differ; one is maximally sensitive to short wavelengths, one to medium wavelengths, and the third to long wavelengths (their peak sensitivities are in the blue, yellowish-green, and yellow regions of the spectrum, respectively). It is important to realize that the absorption spectra of all three systems cover much of the visible spectrum, so it is incorrect to refer to them as "blue", "green" and "red" receptors, especially because the "red" receptor actually has its peak sensitivity in the yellow. The sensitivity of normal color vision actually depends on the overlap between the absorption spectra of the three systems: different colors are recognized when the different types of cone are stimulated to different extents. For example, red light stimulates the long wavelength cones much more than either of the others, but the gradual change in hue seen as wavelength reduces is the result of the other two cone systems being increasingly stimulated as well.
The different kinds of color blindness result from one or more of the different cone systems either not functioning at all, or functioning in an unusual way. When one cone system is compromised, dichromacy results. The most frequent forms of human color blindness result from problems with either the middle or long wavelength sensitive cone systems, and involve difficulties in discriminating reds, yellows, and greens from one another. They are collectively referred to as "red-green color blindness", though the term is an over-simplification and somewhat misleading. Other forms of color blindness are much rarer. They include problems in discriminating blues from yellows, and the rarest forms of all, complete color blindness or monochromacy, where one cannot distinguish any color from grey, as in a black-and-white movie or photograph.
There are several types of red-green color blindness:
Protanopes and deuteranopes are dichromats; that is, they can match any color they see with some mixture of just two spectral lights (whereas normally humans are trichromats and require three lights). Those with protanomaly or deuteranomaly are trichromats, but the color matches they make differ from the normal: In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than a normal observer, and deuteranomalous observers need more green. They are called anomalous trichromats.
Protanomaly and deuteranomaly can be readily observed using an instrument called an anomaloscope, which mixes spectral red and green lights in variable proportions, for comparison with a fixed spectral yellow. If this is done in front of a large audience of men, as the proportion of red is increased from a low value, first a small proportion of people will declare a match, while most of the audience sees the mixed light as greenish. These are the deuteranomalous observers. Next, as more red is added the majority will say that a match has been achieved. Finally, as yet more red is added, the remaining, protanomalous, observers will declare a match at a point where everyone else is seeing the mixed light as definitely reddish.
Genetic red-green color blindness affects men much more often than women, because the genes for the red and green color receptors are located on the X chromosome, of which men have only one and women have two. Such a trait is called sex-linked. Genetic females (46, XX) are red-green color blind only if both their X chromosomes are defective with a similar deficiency, whereas genetic males (46, XY) are color blind if their only X chromosome is defective.
The gene for red-green color blindness is transmitted from a color blind male to all his daughters who are heterozygote carriers and are perceptually unaffected. In turn, a carrier woman passes on a mutated X chromosome region to only half her male offspring. The sons of an affected male will not inherit the trait, since they receive his Y chromosome and not his (defective) X chromosome.
Because one X chromosome is inactivated at random in each cell during a woman's development, it is possible for her to have four different cone types, as when a carrier of protanomaly has a child with a deuteranomalic man. Denoting the normal vision alleles by P and D and the anomalous by p and d, the carrier is PD pD and the man is Pd. The daughter is either PD Pd or pD Pd. Suppose she is pD Pd. Each cell in her body expressses either her mother's chromosome pD or her father's Pd. Thus her red-green sensing will involve both the normal and the anomalous pigments for both colors. Such women are tetrachromats, since they require a mixture of four spectral lights to match an arbitrary light.
Color blindness involving the inactivation of the short-wavelength sensitive cone system (whose absorption spectrum peaks in the bluish-violet) is called tritanopia or, loosely, blue-yellow color blindness. Mutation of the short-wavelength sensitive cones is called tritanomaly. Tritanopia is equally distributed among males and females. Dr. Jeremy H. Nathans (with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute) proved that the gene coding for the blue receptor lies on chromosome 7, which is shared equally by men and women. Therefore it is not sex-linked. This gene does not have any neighbor whose DNA sequence is similar. Blue color blindness is caused by a simple mutation in this gene (2006, Howard Hughes Medical Institute).
Complete inability to distinguish any colors is called monochromacy. It occurs in three forms:
The Ishihara color test, which consists of a series of pictures of colored spots, is the test most often used to diagnose red-green color deficiencies. A figure (usually one or more Arabic digits) is embedded in the picture as a number of spots in a slightly different color, and can be seen with normal color vision, but not with a particular color defect. The full set of tests has a variety of figure/background color combinations, and enable diagnosis of which particular visual defect is present. The anomaloscope, described above, is also used in diagnosing anomalous trichromacy.
However, the Ishihara color test is criticized for containing only numerals and thus not being useful for young children, who have not yet learned to use numerals. It is often stated that it is important to identify these problems as soon as possible and explain them to the children to prevent possible problems and psychological traumas. For this reason, alternative color vision tests were developed using only symbols (square, circle, car).
Most clinical tests are designed to be fast, simple, and effective at identifying broad categories of color blindness. In academic studies of color blindness, on the other hand, there is more interest in developing flexible tests ([2], for example) to collect thorough datasets, identify copunctal points, and measure just noticeable differences.
There is generally no treatment to cure color deficiencies, however, certain types of tinted filters and contact lenses may help an individual to distinguish different colors better. Additionally, software has been developed to assist those with visual color difficulties.
Color codes present particular problems for color blind people as they are often difficult or impossible for color blind people to understand.
Good graphic design avoids using color coding or color contrasts alone to express information, as this not only helps color blind people, but also aids understanding by normally sighted people. The use of Cascading Style Sheets on the world wide web allows pages to be given an alternative color scheme for color-blind readers. This color scheme generator helps a graphic designer see color schemes as seen by eight types of color blindness. It is sometimes claimed that in extreme emergencies everyone is color blind. When the need to process visual information as rapidly as possible arises, for example in a train or aircraft crash, the visual system may operate only in shades of grey, with the extra information load in adding color being dropped. This is an important possibility to consider when designing, for example, emergency brake handles or emergency phones.
Color blindness is not the swapping of colors in the observer's eyes. Grass is never red, stop signs are never green. The color impaired do not learn to call red "green" and vice versa. However, dichromats often confuse red and green items. For example, they find it difficult to distinguish a Granny Smith from a Braeburn or the red and green of a traffic light without other cues (for example, shape or location). This is demonstrated nicely in this simulation of the two types of apple as viewed by a trichromat or by a dichromat. 
Color blindness almost never means complete monochromatism. In almost all cases, color blind people retain blue-yellow discrimination, and most color blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats. In practise this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red-green axis of color space although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is severely reduced.
| Color vision [Edit] |
|---|
| Color vision | Color blindness |
| Monochromat | Dichromat | Trichromat | Tetrachromat | Pentachromat |
